每个Linux用户必须了解的10个最常用的Nginx命令

教程

Nginx（发音为Engine x）是一个免费、开源、高性能、可扩展、可靠、功能齐全且流行的HTTP和反向代理服务器，邮件代理服务器以及通用TCP/UDP代理服务器。

Nginx以其简单的配置和低资源消耗而闻名，由于其高性能，被用于驱动网络上的一些高流量网站，如GitHub、SoundCloud、Dropbox、Netflix、WordPress等许多其他网站。

阅读更多：每个Linux用户必须了解的3个有用技巧

在本指南中，我们将解释一些最常用的Nginx服务管理命令，作为开发人员或系统管理员，您应该熟记这些命令。我们将展示Systemd和SysVinit的命令。

以下是Nginx常用命令列表，必须以root或sudo用户身份执行，并且适用于任何现代Linux发行版，如CentOS，RHEL，Debian，Ubuntu和Fedora。

安装Nginx服务器

要安装Nginx Web服务器，请使用默认的发行版软件包管理器，如下所示。

$ sudo yum install epel-release && yum install nginx   [On CentOS/RHEL]
$ sudo dnf install nginx                               [On Fedora]
$ sudo apt install nginx                               [On Debian/Ubuntu]

检查Nginx版本

要检查Linux系统上安装的Nginx Web服务器版本，请运行以下命令。

$ nginx -v

nginx version: nginx/1.12.2

上述命令仅显示版本号。如果要查看版本和配置选项，请使用如下所示的-V标志。

$ nginx -V
Show Nginx, Compiler and Configuration Parameters
nginx version: nginx/1.12.2
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-16) (GCC) 
built with OpenSSL 1.0.2k-fips  26 Jan 2017
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/usr/share/nginx --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --modules-path=/usr/lib64/nginx/modules --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/client_body --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/proxy --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/fastcgi --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/uwsgi --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/lib/nginx/tmp/scgi --pid-path=/run/nginx.pid --lock-path=/run/lock/subsys/nginx --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-file-aio --with-ipv6 --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_v2_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_addition_module --with-http_xslt_module=dynamic --with-http_image_filter_module=dynamic --with-http_geoip_module=dynamic --with-http_sub_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_degradation_module --with-http_slice_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_perl_module=dynamic --with-mail=dynamic --with-mail_ssl_module --with-pcre --with-pcre-jit --with-stream=dynamic --with-stream_ssl_module --with-google_perftools_module --with-debug --with-cc-opt='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-cc1 -m64 -mtune=generic' --with-ld-opt='-Wl,-z,relro -specs=/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/redhat-hardened-ld -Wl,-E'

检查Nginx配置语法

在实际启动Nginx服务之前，您可以检查其配置语法是否正确。如果您已经对现有配置结构进行了更改或添加了新配置，则这一步尤为重要。

要测试Nginx配置，请运行以下命令。

$ sudo nginx -t

nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

您可以测试Nginx配置，转储并退出，使用如下所示的-T标志。

$ sudo nginx -T
Show Nginx Configuration Settings
nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
# configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf:
# For more information on configuration, see:
#   * Official English Documentation: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
#   * Official Russian Documentation: http://nginx.org/ru/docs/

user nginx;
worker_processes auto;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
pid /run/nginx.pid;

# Load dynamic modules. See /usr/share/nginx/README.dynamic.
include /usr/share/nginx/modules/*.conf;

events {
    worker_connections 1024;
}

http {
    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

    sendfile            on;
    tcp_nopush          on;
    tcp_nodelay         on;
    keepalive_timeout   65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;

    include             /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type        application/octet-stream;

    # Load modular configuration files from the /etc/nginx/conf.d directory.
    # See http://nginx.org/en/docs/ngx_core_module.html#include
    # for more information.
    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;

    server {
        listen       80 default_server;
        listen       [::]:80 default_server;
        server_name  _;
        root         /usr/share/nginx/html;

        # Load configuration files for the default server block.
        include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;

        location / {
        }

        error_page 404 /404.html;
            location = /40x.html {
        }

        error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
            location = /50x.html {
        }
    }

....

启动Nginx服务

要启动 Nginx 服务，请运行以下命令。请注意，如果配置语法不是 OK，此过程可能会失败。

$ sudo systemctl start nginx #systemd
OR
$ sudo service nginx start   #sysvinit

启用 Nginx 服务

上述命令仅在临时启动服务，若要使其在启动时自动启动，请运行以下命令。

$ sudo systemctl enable nginx #systemd
OR
$ sudo service nginx enable   #sysv init

重新启动 Nginx 服务

要重新启动 Nginx 服务，即停止然后启动服务的操作。

$ sudo systemctl restart nginx #systemd
OR
$ sudo service nginx restart   #sysv init

查看 Nginx 服务状态

您可以按以下方式检查 Nginx 服务的状态。此命令显示有关服务的运行时状态信息。

$ sudo systemctl status nginx #systemd
OR
$ sudo service nginx status   #sysvinit
Show Nginx Status Information
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.
[root@tecmint ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2019-03-05 05:27:15 EST; 2min 59s ago
 Main PID: 31515 (nginx)
   CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
           ├─31515 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx
           └─31516 nginx: worker process

Mar 05 05:27:15 tecmint.com systemd[1]: Starting The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server...
Mar 05 05:27:15 tecmint.com nginx[31509]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
Mar 05 05:27:15 tecmint.com nginx[31509]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
Mar 05 05:27:15 tecmint.com systemd[1]: Failed to read PID from file /run/nginx.pid: Invalid argument
Mar 05 05:27:15 tecmint.com systemd[1]: Started The nginx HTTP and reverse proxy server.

重新加载 Nginx 服务

要告诉 Nginx 重新加载其配置，请使用以下命令。

$ sudo systemctl reload nginx #systemd
OR
$ sudo service nginx reload   #sysvinit

停止 Nginx 服务

如果您想出于某种原因停止 Nginx 服务，请使用以下命令。

$ sudo systemctl stop nginx #systemd
OR
$ sudo service nginx stop   #sysvinit

显示 Nginx 命令帮助

要获取所有 Nginx 命令和选项的简易参考指南，请使用以下命令。

$ systemctl -h nginx
Nginx Help Commands and Options
systemctl [OPTIONS...] {COMMAND} ...

Query or send control commands to the systemd manager.

  -h --help           Show this help
     --version        Show package version
     --system         Connect to system manager
  -H --host=[USER@]HOST
                      Operate on remote host
  -M --machine=CONTAINER
                      Operate on local container
  -t --type=TYPE      List units of a particular type
     --state=STATE    List units with particular LOAD or SUB or ACTIVE state
  -p --property=NAME  Show only properties by this name
  -a --all            Show all loaded units/properties, including dead/empty
                      ones. To list all units installed on the system, use
                      the 'list-unit-files' command instead.
  -l --full           Don't ellipsize unit names on output
  -r --recursive      Show unit list of host and local containers
     --reverse        Show reverse dependencies with 'list-dependencies'
     --job-mode=MODE  Specify how to deal with already queued jobs, when
                      queueing a new job
     --show-types     When showing sockets, explicitly show their type
  -i --ignore-inhibitors
...

您可能还想阅读以下与 Nginx 相关的文章。

  1. Nginx Web 服务器安全、加固和性能优化终极指南
  2. Amplify – 简化 NGINX 监控
  3. ngxtop – 在Linux中实时监控Nginx日志文件
  4. 如何安装带虚拟主机和SSL证书的Nginx
  5. 如何在Linux中隐藏Nginx服务器版本

现在就是这些了！在本指南中，我们已经解释了一些你应该了解的最常用的Nginx服务管理命令，包括启动、启用、重启和停止Nginx。如果你有任何补充或问题要问，请使用下面的反馈表格。

Source:
https://www.tecmint.com/useful-nginx-command-examples/