Spring JDBC是本教程的主题。数据库是大多数企业应用程序的重要组成部分。因此,在涉及到Java EE框架时,与JDBC良好集成非常重要。
Spring JDBC
Spring框架与JDBC API的整合非常出色,并提供了
JdbcTemplate
实用类,我们可以使用它来避免在数据库操作逻辑中编写样板代码,比如打开/关闭连接、ResultSet、PreparedStatement等。让我们首先看一个简单的Spring JDBC示例应用程序,然后我们将看到JdbcTemplate类如何帮助我们轻松编写模块化的代码,而不必担心资源是否正确关闭。使用Spring Tool Suite开发基于Spring的应用程序非常有帮助,因此我们将使用STS来创建我们的Spring JDBC应用程序。我们的最终项目结构将如下图所示。 从STS菜单创建一个简单的Spring Maven项目,您可以选择任何您喜欢的名称,或者沿用我的项目名称SpringJDBCExample。
Spring JDBC依赖
首先,我们需要在maven项目的pom.xml文件中包含Spring JDBC和数据库驱动程序。我的最终pom.xml文件如下。
<project xmlns="https://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="https://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>org.springframework.samples</groupId>
<artifactId>SpringJDBCExample</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<properties>
<!-- Generic properties -->
<java.version>1.6</java.version>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding>
<!-- Spring -->
<spring-framework.version>4.0.2.RELEASE</spring-framework.version>
<!-- Logging -->
<logback.version>1.0.13</logback.version>
<slf4j.version>1.7.5</slf4j.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<!-- Spring and Transactions -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
<version>${spring-framework.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-tx</artifactId>
<version>${spring-framework.version}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- Spring JDBC Support -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-jdbc</artifactId>
<version>${spring-framework.version}</version>
</dependency>
<!-- MySQL Driver -->
<dependency>
<groupId>mysql</groupId>
<artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId>
<version>5.0.5</version>
</dependency>
<!-- Logging with SLF4J & LogBack -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.slf4j</groupId>
<artifactId>slf4j-api</artifactId>
<version>${slf4j.version}</version>
<scope>compile</scope>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>ch.qos.logback</groupId>
<artifactId>logback-classic</artifactId>
<version>${logback.version}</version>
<scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
大部分部分都是由STS自动生成的,但我已将Spring Framework版本更新为最新版本4.0.2.RELEASE。此外,我们还添加了所需的构件spring-jdbc和mysql-connector-java。第一个包含Spring JDBC支持类,第二个是数据库驱动程序。我正在使用MySQL数据库进行测试,因此我已添加了MySQL JConnector jar依赖项。如果您使用其他RDBMS,则应在依赖项中进行相应更改。
Spring JDBC示例 – 数据库设置
让我们创建一个简单的表,我们将在应用程序中用于CRUD操作的示例。
CREATE TABLE `Employee` (
`id` int(11) unsigned NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`role` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
Spring JDBC示例 – 模型类
我们将使用DAO模式进行JDBC操作,因此让我们创建一个Java Bean,用于对我们的Employee表建模。
package com.journaldev.spring.jdbc.model;
public class Employee {
private int id;
private String name;
private String role;
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getRole() {
return role;
}
public void setRole(String role) {
this.role = role;
}
@Override
public String toString(){
return "{ID="+id+",Name="+name+",Role="+role+"}";
}
}
Spring JDBC示例 – DAO接口和实现
对于 DAO 模式,我们首先会有一个声明我们想要实现的所有操作的接口。
package com.journaldev.spring.jdbc.dao;
import java.util.List;
import com.journaldev.spring.jdbc.model.Employee;
//CRUD 操作
public interface EmployeeDAO {
//Create
public void save(Employee employee);
//Read
public Employee getById(int id);
//Update
public void update(Employee employee);
//Delete
public void deleteById(int id);
//获取全部
public List getAll();
}
package com.journaldev.spring.jdbc.dao;
import java.sql.Connection;
import java.sql.PreparedStatement;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
import com.journaldev.spring.jdbc.model.Employee;
public class EmployeeDAOImpl implements EmployeeDAO {
private DataSource dataSource;
public void setDataSource(DataSource dataSource) {
this.dataSource = dataSource;
}
@Override
public void save(Employee employee) {
String query = "insert into Employee (id, name, role) values (?,?,?)";
Connection con = null;
PreparedStatement ps = null;
try{
con = dataSource.getConnection();
ps = con.prepareStatement(query);
ps.setInt(1, employee.getId());
ps.setString(2, employee.getName());
ps.setString(3, employee.getRole());
int out = ps.executeUpdate();
if(out !=0){
System.out.println("Employee saved with id="+employee.getId());
}else System.out.println("Employee save failed with id="+employee.getId());
}catch(SQLException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
try {
ps.close();
con.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
@Override
public Employee getById(int id) {
String query = "select name, role from Employee where id = ?";
Employee emp = null;
Connection con = null;
PreparedStatement ps = null;
ResultSet rs = null;
try{
con = dataSource.getConnection();
ps = con.prepareStatement(query);
ps.setInt(1, id);
rs = ps.executeQuery();
if(rs.next()){
emp = new Employee();
emp.setId(id);
emp.setName(rs.getString("name"));
emp.setRole(rs.getString("role"));
System.out.println("Employee Found::"+emp);
}else{
System.out.println("No Employee found with id="+id);
}
}catch(SQLException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
try {
rs.close();
ps.close();
con.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
return emp;
}
@Override
public void update(Employee employee) {
String query = "update Employee set name=?, role=? where id=?";
Connection con = null;
PreparedStatement ps = null;
try{
con = dataSource.getConnection();
ps = con.prepareStatement(query);
ps.setString(1, employee.getName());
ps.setString(2, employee.getRole());
ps.setInt(3, employee.getId());
int out = ps.executeUpdate();
if(out !=0){
System.out.println("Employee updated with id="+employee.getId());
}else System.out.println("No Employee found with id="+employee.getId());
}catch(SQLException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
try {
ps.close();
con.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
@Override
public void deleteById(int id) {
String query = "delete from Employee where id=?";
Connection con = null;
PreparedStatement ps = null;
try{
con = dataSource.getConnection();
ps = con.prepareStatement(query);
ps.setInt(1, id);
int out = ps.executeUpdate();
if(out !=0){
System.out.println("Employee deleted with id="+id);
}else System.out.println("No Employee found with id="+id);
}catch(SQLException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
try {
ps.close();
con.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
@Override
public List<Employee> getAll() {
String query = "select id, name, role from Employee";
List<Employee> empList = new ArrayList<Employee>();
Connection con = null;
PreparedStatement ps = null;
ResultSet rs = null;
try{
con = dataSource.getConnection();
ps = con.prepareStatement(query);
rs = ps.executeQuery();
while(rs.next()){
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.setId(rs.getInt("id"));
emp.setName(rs.getString("name"));
emp.setRole(rs.getString("role"));
empList.add(emp);
}
}catch(SQLException e){
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
try {
rs.close();
ps.close();
con.close();
} catch (SQLException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
return empList;
}
}
CRUD 操作的实现很容易理解。如果您想了解更多关于数据源的信息,请阅读 JDBC 数据源示例。
Spring JDBC 示例 – Bean 配置
如果您查看上述所有类,它们都是使用标准的 JDBC API,没有引用 Spring JDBC 框架。当我们创建 Spring Bean 配置文件并定义 bean 时,Spring JDBC 框架类就会出现。我们将在 Spring Bean 上下文文件中创建数据源,并将其设置为我们的 DAO 实现类。我的 Spring Bean 配置文件如下。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="https://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans https://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
<bean id="employeeDAO" class="com.journaldev.spring.jdbc.dao.EmployeeDAOImpl">
<property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" />
</bean>
<bean id="dataSource" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource">
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver" />
<property name="url" value="jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/TestDB" />
<property name="username" value="pankaj" />
<property name="password" value="pankaj123" />
</bean>
</beans>
首先,我们创建一个DriverManagerDataSource
类的DataSource对象。这个类提供了我们可以使用的DataSource的基本实现。我们将MySQL数据库URL、用户名和密码作为属性传递给DataSource bean。然后再将dataSource bean设置为EmployeeDAOImpl
bean,我们的Spring JDBC实现就准备好了。这个实现是松散耦合的,如果我们想要切换到其他实现或者迁移到其他数据库服务器,我们只需要在bean配置中做相应的更改即可。这是Spring JDBC框架提供的主要优势之一。
Spring JDBC测试类
让我们编写一个简单的测试类,确保一切正常运行。
package com.journaldev.spring.jdbc.main;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Random;
import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;
import com.journaldev.spring.jdbc.dao.EmployeeDAO;
import com.journaldev.spring.jdbc.model.Employee;
public class SpringMain {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//获取Spring上下文
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ctx = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring.xml");
//获取EmployeeDAO Bean
EmployeeDAO employeeDAO = ctx.getBean("employeeDAO", EmployeeDAO.class);
//运行一些JDBC CRUD操作的测试
Employee emp = new Employee();
int rand = new Random().nextInt(1000);
emp.setId(rand);
emp.setName("Pankaj");
emp.setRole("Java Developer");
//Create
employeeDAO.save(emp);
//Read
Employee emp1 = employeeDAO.getById(rand);
System.out.println("Employee Retrieved::"+emp1);
//Update
emp.setRole("CEO");
employeeDAO.update(emp);
//获取全部
List empList = employeeDAO.getAll();
System.out.println(empList);
//Delete
employeeDAO.deleteById(rand);
//关闭Spring上下文
ctx.close();
System.out.println("DONE");
}
}
I am using Random Class to generate random number for employee id. When we run above program, we get following output.
Mar 25, 2014 12:54:18 PM org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext prepareRefresh
INFO: Refreshing org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext@4b9af9a9: startup date [Tue Mar 25 12:54:18 PDT 2014]; root of context hierarchy
Mar 25, 2014 12:54:18 PM org.springframework.beans.factory.xml.XmlBeanDefinitionReader loadBeanDefinitions
INFO: Loading XML bean definitions from class path resource [spring.xml]
Mar 25, 2014 12:54:19 PM org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource setDriverClassName
INFO: Loaded JDBC driver: com.mysql.jdbc.Driver
Employee saved with id=726
Employee Found::{ID=726,Name=Pankaj,Role=Java Developer}
Employee Retrieved::{ID=726,Name=Pankaj,Role=Java Developer}
Employee updated with id=726
[{ID=726,Name=Pankaj,Role=CEO}]
Employee deleted with id=726
Mar 25, 2014 12:54:19 PM org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext doClose
INFO: Closing org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext@4b9af9a9: startup date [Tue Mar 25 12:54:18 PDT 2014]; root of context hierarchy
DONE
Spring JdbcTemplate示例
如果查看DAO实现类,会发现有很多样板代码,我们在其中打开和关闭Connection、PreparedStatements和ResultSet。如果有人忘记正确关闭资源,这可能导致资源泄漏。我们可以使用org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate
类来避免这些错误。Spring JdbcTemplate是Spring JDBC核心包中的中心类,提供了许多方法来执行查询并自动解析ResultSet以获取对象或对象列表。我们只需提供对象数组作为参数,并实现PreparedStatementSetter
和RowMapper
等回调接口,以映射参数或将ResultSet数据转换为bean对象。让我们看另一个EmployeeDAO的实现,其中我们将使用Spring JdbcTemplate类来执行不同类型的查询。
package com.journaldev.spring.jdbc.dao;
import java.sql.ResultSet;
import java.sql.SQLException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import javax.sql.DataSource;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.JdbcTemplate;
import org.springframework.jdbc.core.RowMapper;
import com.journaldev.spring.jdbc.model.Employee;
public class EmployeeDAOJDBCTemplateImpl implements EmployeeDAO {
private DataSource dataSource;
public void setDataSource(DataSource dataSource) {
this.dataSource = dataSource;
}
@Override
public void save(Employee employee) {
String query = "insert into Employee (id, name, role) values (?,?,?)";
JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate = new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);
Object[] args = new Object[] {employee.getId(), employee.getName(), employee.getRole()};
int out = jdbcTemplate.update(query, args);
if(out !=0){
System.out.println("Employee saved with id="+employee.getId());
}else System.out.println("Employee save failed with id="+employee.getId());
}
@Override
public Employee getById(int id) {
String query = "select id, name, role from Employee where id = ?";
JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate = new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);
//使用RowMapper匿名类,我们可以为重用创建一个独立的RowMapper
Employee emp = jdbcTemplate.queryForObject(query, new Object[]{id}, new RowMapper(){
@Override
public Employee mapRow(ResultSet rs, int rowNum)
throws SQLException {
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.setId(rs.getInt("id"));
emp.setName(rs.getString("name"));
emp.setRole(rs.getString("role"));
return emp;
}});
return emp;
}
@Override
public void update(Employee employee) {
String query = "update Employee set name=?, role=? where id=?";
JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate = new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);
Object[] args = new Object[] {employee.getName(), employee.getRole(), employee.getId()};
int out = jdbcTemplate.update(query, args);
if(out !=0){
System.out.println("Employee updated with id="+employee.getId());
}else System.out.println("No Employee found with id="+employee.getId());
}
@Override
public void deleteById(int id) {
String query = "delete from Employee where id=?";
JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate = new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);
int out = jdbcTemplate.update(query, id);
if(out !=0){
System.out.println("Employee deleted with id="+id);
}else System.out.println("No Employee found with id="+id);
}
@Override
public List getAll() {
String query = "select id, name, role from Employee";
JdbcTemplate jdbcTemplate = new JdbcTemplate(dataSource);
List empList = new ArrayList();
List
上述代码中关于Spring JdbcTemplate的要点有:
- 使用对象数组传递PreparedStatement参数,我们也可以使用PreparedStatementSetter实现,但传递对象数组似乎更容易使用。
- 没有与打开和关闭连接、语句或结果集相关的代码。所有这些都由Spring JdbcTemplate类在内部处理。
- 在queryForObject()方法中使用RowMapper匿名类实现将ResultSet数据映射到Employee bean对象。
- queryForList()方法返回Map列表,其中Map包含将行数据与列名匹配的数据库行的值作为键。
要使用Spring JdbcTemplate实现,我们只需要在Spring Bean配置文件中更改employeeDAO类,如下所示。
<bean id="employeeDAO" class="com.journaldev.spring.jdbc.dao.EmployeeDAOJDBCTemplateImpl">
<property name="dataSource" ref="dataSource" />
</bean>
当您运行主类时,Spring JdbcTemplate实现的输出将类似于上述使用常规JDBC实现的输出。这就是关于Spring JDBC示例教程的全部内容,请从下面的链接下载示例项目并进行更多实践。
Source:
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/spring-jdbc-example